Iglulik Inuit

Iglulik Inuit

Environment

The Igulik Inuit lives in extremely cold temperatures, such as the High Artic, Greenland, and Alaska. Nine of the twelve months are below 0 degrees Celsius. There is no month averaging temperature of 10 Degrees. The regions they live in are characterized as “Polar Climate”; it lacks the warmth of the sun. The sun shines all day and night during the summer but barely ever shines at all in the winter. The cold climate does not permit for trees to grow, there for the environment is treeless, but other specialized plants can grow. It is so cold that the layer of ice is semi-permanent or permanent.

Climatic Adaptions

The Igulik Inuit conditions is consistently so cold, they’ve developed ways of keeping their bodies warmer. The Igulik Inuit consume large amounts of high calorie fatty foods. This helps to significantly increase the basal metabolic rate, which produce extra body heat. In response to producing extra body heat, their bodies change to be wider.

The Igulik Inuit had many ways in adapting to the cold weather. These peoples wore very thick and heavy clothing, to shield the cold from their bodies. They slept in groups and huddle with their bodies next to each other. While they were outdoors, they remain extremely active.

Language

The Igulik Inuit language, come from the Inuit-Aleut, also known as the Eskimaleut language family. The language of the Inuit can be divided into many different languages and dialects. Depending on where the group live, the dialect can be divided into individual languages. Two different main branches of the dialect are a Western and an Eastern.

 The names of the Eastern branch languages are; Inuktitut, they live in Canada, the Inupiaq live in Alaska, and the Kalaallisut live in Greenland. The Western Branch speaks Yupik. It is divided into three distinct languages; Central Yupik, Pacific Gulf Yupik, and Siberian Yupik.

The Inuktitut and Yupik languages are both quite hard to learn and speak, because they are very complex languages. The Igulik have a written version of the language but each group has different writing structure.

Gender Roles

The Inuit is one of the few societies that did not heavily rely on the gender of their people to have roles in society. The roles of individuals are not group by gender alone. When a child is born, they are not placed into their gender roles, but by the power their ancestors had. Even though they are not placed in gender roles, boys are taught to be skilled hunters and girls are conditioned to marry a man who is a skilled hunter. When the small children hit puberty they are then taken by their gender groups. They then learn specific skills that help benefit the tribe.

The woman’s role is being a housewife. She is responsible to cook, clean, take care of the children, sew clothing, and prepare the household for the harsh Artic winters. The man role is fishing and hunting. He is responsible for bring food for the family. Women can also go out and hunt whether it is because she does not have a male figure to hunt for them or because they want to hunt for themselves.

Another common trait between the men and women were the song duels. The duels were between the same genders. The male used song to battles, to show their masculinity and the women would sing about their skills. It is not taboo for gender roles to be mixed, but homosexuality is frowned upon in the Inuit society.

Even though roles were not completely defined for gender, there were still some restraints involving religion. The women for not allowed to eat raw meat while on their periods. They believe that would bring starvation to the camp. They also had to leave the camp if they became pregnant. Her husband is allowed to go visit her but she may not come back until she had the baby and was done bleeding.

The responsibility of women within the culture are equally as important and because of this the women were always given due respect. However they were never shared equal power or influence. Recent modernizations and urbanization has transformed the Inuit culture. By this extension, the impact of, roles of women and their influence within the culture have been both positive and negative.

When a child is born, they are kept very closely with the mothers. She breastfeeds the child for years or until the other child is born. If no other child is born she can breastfeeds the child for up to five years. The biological mother raises the child but eventually the older adults in the family joined it to help. Usually the older girls in the house stepped in, to take a more dominate role in helping the younger children.

I believe the protagonist in the story “The Blessed Curse” would not be well accepted in this culture. Since homosexuality was frowned upon, the Inuit may have an even harder time understanding an “intersex” person. The Inuit believed in sprits also, but like the parents of the author of “The Blessed Curse” they may believe it is a curse of evil spirits.

Subsistence

The climate grew colder during the Little Ice Age and the Inuit were forced to leave hunting and whaling sites in the high Artic. Bowhead whaling disappeared in Canada and Greenland, and the Inuit had to maintain a much poorer diet.Without whales, they lost access to essential raw materials for tools and architecture that were derived from whaling.

The food the Inuit ate are, whales, walruses, caribou, seals, polar bears, muskoxen, birds, and sometimes animals such as foxes. Even though they could not easily grow plants in the Arctic, there are plants that were naturally available. Grasses, tubers, roots, stems, berries, and seaweed were collected and preserved depending on the season and the location. The typical Inuit diet is high in protein and very high in fat. Inuit consumed an average of 75 percent of their daily energy intake from fat. Inuit were able to obtain the necessary vitamins, from their traditional winter diet, which did not contain plant matter. They found that adequate vitamin C could be obtained from raw meat such as Ringed Seal liver and whale skin. As I mention earlier, the men are responsible for hunting but this did not mean that a women isn’t allowed.

Economic systems

The Inuit hunted sea animals from boats called “gajag” which were extraordinarily buoyant, and could easily be guided by a seated person, even if completely overturned. The Inuit built kayaks made of wood frames covered with animal skins for transporting people, goods, and dogs. They also had a flat bottom so that it could come close to shore. In the winter, Inuit would also hunt sea mammals by patiently watching an aglu (breathing hole) in the ice and waiting for the air-breathing seals to use them, a technique also used by the polar bear.

During the summer their food source was more varied. They hunted migratory mammals available during the summer and stored it for surplus during the winter season.  They also gather plants that were not usually available during the winter season. All food that was gathered and caught was shared with the camp. This is a tradition of the Inuit to share food because the camp was depended on them.

Marriage

 

The Inuit were not strictly monogamous. Polygamy, divorce, and remarriage were a common practice. Many Inuit relationships were implicitly or explicitly sexually open marriages.  Among some Inuit groups divorce required the approval of the community, if there were children, and particularly the agreement of the elders. Marriages were usually arranged even before the person can talk, and occasionally forced on the couple by the community. Marriage was common for men when they became productive hunters and for women at puberty.

The household might consist of a man and his wife or wives and children. It can be structured in many ways since there is such mix in the families. The in-laws can live with the daughter or the son. They can even live in a large group that have one head of household.

Kinship

The Inuit emphasize the nuclear descent pattern, identifying only the mother , father , brother, and sister. The other relatives are grouped in one catergory. The Inuit kinship pattern did not place distinction between patrilineal and matrilineal relatives.  They focused more on the closeness or the distance between the relative. Parental sibligs are distiguish only by sex. All children of these individual are group together regardless of sex.

The Inuit people are sometimes found isolated from other families but that is usually temporay.  During the winter an Inuit husband and wife, with their kids, roam the Arctic, with a quest for food. Soon after the families are usually found in group of a least a few familes.

It seems the head of house hold, possesses the most authority. Since the familes all depend on each other for survival, it is possible to have more than one person who posses the  authority. The elders are most respected for their knowgle, experience, and age.

  Social Organization

The Inuit culture is part stratified because women do not have as much authority as the men, even though they do as much work. The women are expected to do what is considered women work. Even though some women can fish and hunt she is still not given much authority. The culture is part egalitarian because everyone is looked at as being the same, and no man is more important than a woman. But again the women lack the authority. Sex and age is an important determinant of authority. Community bond is achieved through communal song, prayer, and worship as well as the cooperative nature of economic activities.

Religion

The Inuit believed in animism: all living and non-living things had a spirit. That included people, animals, inanimate objects, and forces of nature. When a spirit died, it continued living in a different world- the spirit world. The only people who had enough power to control the spirits were the powerful religious leaders called the Shamans or 'Angakoks'. Shamans used charms and dances as a means to communicate with the spirit world. Shamans also wore carved masks-mostly representing animals- while performing their rituals. It was believed that masks had powers that enabled them to communicate with the spirits. To appease the spirits the Shamans would make recommendations. They would suggest offering gifts to the spirits, moving away, and sometimes would fine the person for breaking the rules and angering the spirits.

Political Structure

The political structure are set as The Colony, The Gemein composed of all baptized adults, The council of five to seven men, who serves as the Colony's executive board. The head preacher serves as contact with the outside world. The Boss is the Economic manager.Rules are reinforced daily, any misconduct is handle through the sanction from the person's reproach or before the council.




The Roles of Violence

Violent crimes are frowned upon. If there is any shedding of blood of another it, it will not be forgiven.Another crime that can not be forgiven for is deserting the colony. These two crimes are considered to be the worst type of crimes. People often have the misconception the Inuit pople kill their elders and those that are unproductive, this is not true. The elders are highly respected and extremely valuable to the community. When an elder is ready to go, they request the help of their family to help with thier suicide.Family members would try to attempt to dissuade the individual but the third request must be accepted.

Art

The Inuit have always carved, whether for utilitarian, decorative or religious purpose. Stones are the most commonly used for carving. A wide variety of stones types is used, from finely grained or striated sedimentary rock. Most of the carving was of animals. They also used the bones and teeth of the animals for carving. Some of the carving was sued to keep evil spirits away.

Conclusion

 The Inuit has been affected by other cultures because of urbanization. Women are now being given more authority. This is not good from the male’s point of view. I consider this culture in danger of losing its cultural identity because the earth itself is change. This will affect their way of hunting and living.  They will eventually have to move out of their environment when food becomes more limited. I do not think this culture play a big role in the modern world. I think it is easily looked beyond. I myself didn’t even know they exist. They have a very weak influence over the rest of the world because are not often heard of. If we are unaware then we could not be influence.

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/inuit#ixzz1tJ4ZXYC2

http://www.inuit.com/

        
Read more: Sociopolitical organization - Hutterites http://www.everyculture.com/North-America/Hutterites-Sociopolitical-Organization.html#ixzz1ubJPCqq6
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/inuit#ixzz1tJ3vgZaI

http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/native-people-arctic

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/inuit#ixzz1tJ3aWNer

http://www.inuitart.org/histories/

http://www.jeanlouisetienne.com/poleairship/EN/images/encyclo/imprimer/33.htm

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/inuit#ixzz1tJ2MA11B

http://www.everyculture.com/North-America/Iglulik-Inuit.html

http://www.arcticvoice.org/inuit.htm

http://anthropology.uwaterloo.ca/ArcticArchStuff/thule.html

http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_inuit1.html

Sayom McIntosh

Art as a Culture

Art as a Culture

 

I was unable to get the cave’s text in English so I will do my best in translating what I thought the artist was trying to say. At first it gave me a bit of an eerie feeling. I had headphones on while the audio started into this creepy music. The cave was filled with pictures of animals and hand prints. I initially thought it was a scare tactic, to keep intruders away from their cave. Once my nerves settled in, I saw the art as a way of communicating with animals.

I think there were so many pictures of animals and not as many of people because they were in need of food and by drawing animals, they were calling to the animals. I think it was a form of meditation, something like the rain dance. When some tribes were in need of water they conducted a “rain dance”. They hoped the more they called on the animals, they would eventually come.

The paintings can tell us that they were very patience when they were hunting. I did not see any brutal painting in the cave so I believe they did not hunt for fun but for survival. This may just be my view but I saw a type of love towards the animals. They could have been grateful to the animals for keeping them alive, I’m not sure, that’s just what I got from it.

I assume the most difficult thing they had to deal with when drawing the paintings would be, making their hand prints on the rocks. It was very interesting how they did it. They breathe on their hands to make the prints. How much berating would it take to leave your hand print on a rock? Since I think they did this while they were hunting, they must have been hungry and tired, but so focused and determined.

My speculation to three possible functions would perhaps be to identify their kill. Maybe they kept track of all the animals they hunted and the drawings represented that. My second speculation would be, they used it as teaching tool for their younger family members. Perhaps they thought them how to meditate or how to hunt. Thirdly they could have used it to speak to us and tell us the story of their life. They could not write in words the story they wanted to tell, so they drew it instead. As they say “a picture is worth a thousand words.” The pictures were amazing to look at and it gives you a glimpse into their life.

Both the Lascaux Caves paintings and modern art function well in allowing them to express themselves. It allows them to pass on how they feel at a certain point in their lives. These drawing can portray what the surrounding and time frame are.  Art, usually have a significant meaning to the artist. Art allows them to tell us what is important to them. What I saw in the Lascaux cave painting that surprised me was the details in the drawing of the animals, and the ability to come up with ways to put hand prints on the wall If we did not have a written language, I wonder if we would have a better understanding of the drawings since the pictures were so clear and detailed.

 

When I was younger, I use to Hula dance. To me this is a form of art because that was the way we express our selves without words. We were able to express our happiness through our movements. Every hand motions we made told a story all the way to our fingers. Our facial expression had a lot to so with the point we wanted to get across. We couldn’t express love with a frown on our face. Our hips moved to the beat of the drum to express the upbeat song, even if someone was deaf, the can feel the beat.

Though I am from a different culture, I learned a lot form the Hawaiian community. The Hawaiian culture takes pride in hula dancing. It brought joy and beauty to life. They taught us the values of their ancestors and tradition they wanted to pass along. Before any performance we order material from Hawaii to make our grass skirts so that we can keep it as traditional as possible. Some items were hard to obtain so we replaced them with replicas.

This art form, benefit society by telling their stories and keeping their values alive.  It is able to be passed on from generation to generation. What can be detrimental would be sometimes the dance can get lost in translation. I noticed as the younger dancers in the United States were infusing other dances into the traditional dance that can take away from the original story.

 

Sayom M.

Politics and Violence

The Yanomamo do not have written language, a number system, formal laws or court system. There is no judge or lawyers to enforce laws in their culture, it is clear as to how everyone should behave and what rules they should follow. Even though there is an understanding of what the rules are people often violated the unwritten system when they feel they had the need to do so. There does not seem to be any punishment if someone chose to participate in a violent act. If a problem becomes violent, the individual is responsible, and required to use his own skills and the help of his close family.

On the eve of revenge killing small quantities of the dead man’s ashes are to be consumed by the women of the village. To avenge the raid against the village that killed him, the women alone drink the ashes of the slain to make raiders “bushuwo “(anger verging on violence), and fill them with resolve. The raiders travel as far as 4 day to commit their killings.  Any members of the tribe that refuse to conduct revenge raids get a reputation of cowardice.

Though it is dangerous to be involved in revenge killings, those who participate, benefit by maintaining the status of unokias.  The Unokais mean those who have killed. Boys are rewarded for showing aggressive tendencies. Once the men have killed, they then participate in a ritual purification called Nokaimou. This is to avert any supernatural harm that might be inflicted on them by the spirits of the person they killed. Men who take the risk and concerned about the welfare of their kin are considered to have good male characteristics. All of the unokais are headmen in their village. There can be more than one headman in a village. The headmen are the largest political leaders of the group. Being headmen allows them to have as many as twelve wives. An issue that is negative for those wanting to be unokias is it is not always easy. Most men that try to become one fail, and usually die trying.

One of the biggest benefits of being a non-unokais , to me, would have to be, not causing oneself to be the center of another vengeance killing. If they do not go out and kill anyone, they can still get killed but they don’t have worry about being some ones primarily target. The other benefit would have to be, when the village starts new group, the unokais are usually related to the other group. This sometimes causes problems because when a war rises up between the two groups, the unokais might have to kill their own family member.

 

Men that are unokais are considered to be more valuable. Because every village have one or more “patas” which means “big ones”. Revenge killing influence the Yanomano political structure, by establishing power in their group. The more you kill the more power you have, therefore you become political leaders.

The most influential leaders are the ones that have killed. They gain social status in their village because of the respect that comes along with being a political leader. They are more desirable than non-unokais to women who that will marry. Sometimes the wives are taken by force from others.

 Pates are most respected by the village. With respect, comes the benefit of wives. Since the patas can have up to twelve wives, they can have a very large family. The wives bare children for their husband and he becomes in charge of the close kinship in the village. The patas have a better success rate in reproduction. Compared to the other men who are not “patas”, they have the most relatives in the village. It appears as if having wives amount to having money in your bank account.

Other than defense, I believe there should be law against killing because we all do not view killing as the same. Like the Yanomano village, they sometimes resolve to revenge killings because someone died of natural causes, therefore innocent people get killed. While they are morning a death, some of the people from this village think it is okay to kill a person that have nothing to do with the death. If we do not have these laws preventing people from killing others, people could come up with other reason to do so. What is okay in one culture does not mean it is okay in every culture.

Recently I’ve heard of “Honor killing”. In certain culture, “Honor Killings” are acceptable and even expected. This happens when a daughter is seen as disobeying and disrespectful. The parent (I’m not sure if it is just the dad or both mom and dad) kills the daughter to regain their family’s honor. Every culture or society have their own rules and law, they all expect others to follow that law in order to keep their society functioning the way they want it to. People do not generally think that killing is wrong. Some cultures look at is as honorable.

 Sayom M.

Kinship Chart and Analysis

Kinship Chart and Analysis

My subject name is Yin Hor. Yin is my mother, she is also mother to seven other children. She was born in Cambodia.  Being raised as a young Asian girl, she was raised in a strict house hold, and taught to be respectful of adults no matter how they treat you. During her years in Cambodia, she lived through slavery, proverty, and the war against Vietnam.

I visited my mother who lives fourtyfive minutes away to conduct the interview. I sat on her couch and begin to ask questions. She started to move around and find her way into the kitchen. During the interview, we found her cooking a full course meal. In the beginning I was pretty comfortable as an anthropologist. There were some questions that make us both feel uncomfortable. I believe that the awkwardness had an effect on my interview. I can see that she was hurting and I did not want to press her. This caused me to stray from the subject and ask something a bit more upbeat. If she was not related to me, I don’t know if her story would affect me the same way. I would perhaps be able to continue my interview.

The kinship pattern in my family are that the eldest are the most respected. As far as the children are concerned, if you are born first you have the most say over your siblings. I have a brother who is only one year older but I have to respect him as if he was my father. This was very hard for me especially being raised in America. I saw the Western culture behaving in a much different way than how I was raised. I did not see a closeness between any of my five older brothers. I saw the respect that was present only because of the paternal line. As they got older, I started to see the bond between my brothers. The bond exists because of all the struggles they endured together.

Being from a large family, we were able to protect each other. There was always someone around to look out for you. My mother thinks that we are wealthy in having a big family, wealth in laughter, love, and family bond. From my eyes I remember she was also wealthy is pain, concern, and tears for her family members. We were raised to respect our eldest but my I find my mother listing more to my youngest brother and baby sister.

As we were growing up, my mother treated the boys very differently than the girls. The boys were the rulers of the house, while the girls were treated as the maids and cook. My mother believes that a man is superior to woman. We are to be submissive and honoring. I strongly disagreed with her because I was struggling to find myself, it still have an effect on me. I find myself treating my husband the same way my mother treated her husband (my father).

My mother still try to teach us, the way of her culture. She wants us to be respectful of our eldest brother and follow what he says. My brothers have a lot of influence on my mother. The oldest was the most powerful. I assume since she has changed some of that beliefs, since the younger brother and the baby sister have just as much if not more influence on her. Perhaps its because she’s getting older and is trying to hold on to her youngest of both genders.

I was not close to any of my parents family members. My mother had one living brother and all the others died in Cambodia. My uncle who lived in Texas died about ten years ago, she was very close to him. I remember living with him as a young child but the memories are very faded. I or my mother do not know any story of my father’s family. My father was in the army and that was how they met. He never told her anything about his family.

In our culture when a girl is married, the family loses a daughter. She goes to live with her inlaws and are obligated to their family. My brothers who are married remains the man of the house and the become the man of his wife’s family house, depending on who is the oldest.Our family treat people who are married into the family, the same way we treat our own blood. My sister in laws who are married to my brothers, are treated as my older sisters. They are my mother’s daughters.

By doing this exercise I learned that my family had more background then I ever thought of. Though it appears to be simple and plain, when broken down, I realize we had family values that I’ve forgotten about. Values to always be respectful of adults. I find myself disagreeing with people who are older than me, not thinking twice about my culture. I realize it was not about who is wrong or right, is was just being respectful of your elders, who are well deserving of it.

Sayom M.

Subsistence and Economy

Part 1:

 Hunter Gatherers Subsistence

In the beginning, before farmers and industrial societies came along, hunters had their choice of the best environments. Foragers had ample leisure time to concentrate on family, social live, and spiritual development. Hunter gatherers have ample and balanced diets. They ate meat, fish, and wild plants. Food resources are typically shared and distributed equally throughout the group. What was available for one was available for all. They were high in mobility because they lack the use of animals or mechanical transportation. Relationships between men and women dose not constitute inequality.

Agriculture Subsistence

Crop cultivation was one of the most significant development of fixed settlements, which allowed farming families to reside together near their cultivated fields. They obtain surplus crop cultivation. Food was traded or sold for cash. Farmers developed an adaption to wetland and dryland. Because food from the hard work of others were  provided to all, it allowed others to spend time inventing and making more tools needed to help with farming.

Hunter Gatherers Cost

Hunter’s communities have nearly disappeared in areas of having a natural abundance of food and fuel resources. They no longer have their pick of the best environments because farmers and industrial societies have become more common and need ample land. Hunters were once nonaggressive and place emphasis on peacefulness but recently, warlike behavior have become more present in response to pressure from expansionist states. More energy is required to fetch water then can be obtain from the food. Because carrying capacity of the land the hunters  regulated population size by requiring women to maintain a certain minimum of body fat. She have to breastfeed the baby for years because it helps to reduce ovulation.

Agriculture Cost

Urban rulling class sought to widen its territorial power and poitical control over rural populations. A powerful group managed to dominate a community of farmers. The burden of taxes to feed those repressing them, lead these farmers with little to nothing to feed their families. Farmers became peasant, with little to no surplus, trade was almost impossible. Growing numbers of farmers were trying to survive on less fertile land and forced into poverty. Most peasant remain struggling to make ends meet.

Healthier Diets

Hunter gatherers had ample and balanced diets. They ate plenty of fish, wild plants, and meats. They lack the desire to amass things, so food was not a surplus. This does not mean that they were starving, but they only ate was was needed.  Hoarding was not a practice of the hunters, food was spread and shared with the community, therefor obesity did not exist. This is a way of keeping their food in their safe house.

Transition to Agriculture

I believe some humans transition to agriculture because it requires less energy and mobility. Agriculture does not require much traveling to obtain their food. A second reason would be, the stability that agriculture permits. Families can settle down in environments they chose to grow their crop. A farmers can usually depend on their crop the following season. Agriculture allows for surplus, which allows for trade.

Part 2

Economics and Trade

The statement , “ There is a direct relationship between the availability of surplus and the ability to trade” means, having extra food or items, allows you the ability to trade of others items. The text book states,  " In all societies , the prevailing reality of life has been the inadequacy of output to fill the wants and needs of the people". If a family or a comunity does not have access to any surplus, they will not be able to be involve in trade. Also having something valuble that others want would also be a plus. When trading, you trade with others that do not have what you have and this makes your item valuble to them and yourself.

The benefits of trade

The two benefit of trade are exchanging items you don’t want or need, for other items you want or need. You can trade for items that are not available in your area or items that are hard to get, even money. The second benefit would be ties that connect them to surrounding agricultural and industrial societies.

The negative side of trade

The two negative side to trade would be, large corporation main priority is to maximizing profits.  They have so much money and power to conduct their business. Small family farmers are pushed out and have no way of competting with those big company. Big company  urban ruling class sought to widen its territorial power and political control over rural populations. Farmers were forced to pay tax to the group that were repressing them.  With growing numbers trying to survive on less fertile land.  It became harder for farmers to make ends meet, let alone have a supply of surplus for trade.  This kept the rich richer and the poor  poorer.

Development relationship between agriculture and trade

The development of agriculture allowed for group to obtain surplus. Farmers specialize in crop they grew on their land, with all the crop that came with farming, it only made since for farmers to trade with other farmers. They traded things they did not have access to or was hard to get. This then lead to trading for other things such as, money, meat, supply, and so on and so on.

Sayom M.

Language Experiment

Language Experiment
Part 1
I found this experiment to be some what easy. The only difficult time I had was when I disagreed and could not really express myself in words. I tried this experiment on my husband and decided not to tell him what I was doing. I figured it would be more fun if he didn't know. He spoke about our son's football activities. When he gets into this mode it did not matter if I said a word or not. He went on and on and didn't even realize I hadn't said a word. When he would look to me to see if I was agreeing, I nodded my head, and he went on to talk more. He then made a statement about his decision on what team we would be going on. I shook my head to let him know that is not what I want to do. He asked me what do I mean " no "? All I could do was frown and shake my head. He kept asking me the same question and then he got frustrated. He told me why are you shaking your head if you aren't saying anything. Then he said since he didn't know what that meant he was done talking to me. Finally time was up and I was able to open my mouth and speak.
If we were meeting for the first time I would defiantly say the speaking culture have the advantage. It is easier for the speaking culture to express their thoughts thoroughly. They can describe what they are talking about and also add in their reasons. This culture, just like my husband may think that some thing is wrong with the other culture. The speaking culture may think the other person is rude or uneducated. The other culture which have difficulties speaking can be very frustrated that they are not being understood. I also believe that they can feel they have not been given a proper chance to express themselves. The non speaking culture may believe that the other culture thinks that they are better then them, which can cause some resentment. There is also a lot of misunderstanding that can take place in the conversation.

Part 2
For my second experiment I used my kids. I didn't need anything to get them started. As they started to ask me my first question I started my timing. I was able to last 15 minutes because they talked so much and answered some of their own questions it made it easy for me. Once they realize what I was doing, started to ask questions about why and I doing that and am I okay. They started laughing at me then they got close to my face. My little one lifted my eyes open and the others started picking up my hands and use it in a way they thought I would. It was pretty funny. I tried so hard not to laugh and use any facial expression but it was hard.
This experiment showed me that with sign language you can also express feelings and emotions. I didn't realize how much I use my hands and face when I talk. I felt I was being restraint when I wasn't able to use my body language. I don't know if there is anyone who can not read body language, since most of us have experienced it and use it.
 Being able to read body language is beneficial because it helps us to further more understand the feelings behind the words. I think our bodies are an extension of our soul. Our bodies react to what our brain is thinking and what our heart is feeling. Most of us, when we are in love with someone, we are affectionate towards them. We sometimes like to be close or hug and kiss them.
I believe it is beneficial to us if we could not read body language when someone is in a conversation with someone else. If we are outside looking at people talking and all we see is their body language, we may misunderstand what is being said. They may look our way and all of the sudden we assume they are taking about us. This can cause someone to be mad or confrontational or it could cause the person to be hurt.  There are many outcome from misunderstanding someones body language.

Part 3
If I was able to communicate by writing in my first experiment, it would have been easier. By writing down the reason I was shaking my head, my husband would have understood completely what I was trying to say, instead of getting upset and giving up on talking to me.
The advantage a culture would have by using this would be better understanding of one another. It provides a better communication tool. It eliminates a lot of frustration and misunderstanding. The culture would be able to relay messages. They could write letters to one another.
As far a globalization goes, we may speak different language around the world but written words helps us to understand each other. Letters represent a sound or a meaning, when we want to learn another language we can learn their written letters to understand and to speak their language. It also helps us to understand how we are different in the way we explain thing, and this can also help us to understand things that may be lost in translation. On final thing I believe to be very important is we all can have respect for each other and not think the other culture is less then us or uneducated.
Sayom M.

Environmental Adaptations

Population A: Zulu

Environment:

Most of the country has warm, sunny days and cool nights. Rainfall generally occurs during summer (November through March), although in the southwest, around Cape Town, rainfall occurs in winter (June to August). Temperatures are influenced by variations in elevation, terrain, and ocean currents more than latitude.

Physical Adaption:
Africans, are the natural people of Africa: The hair, the skin, are all specific adaptations to living in the African landscape. High levels of Melanin acts as a protective biological shield against the sun. Having darker skin helps to prevent sunburn and certain type of skin cancer.

Cultural Adaption:
Hunting is the basis of Zulu life and more, wildlife is equal to the belly of food for them, is equivalent to the body, clothing, but also the shield. Zulu adapted to ways of hunting in the wildlife in order to eat. Not only did they hunt for food, they then used the animals fur to keep them warm, they then used the bones as shields and weapons.


Race:
I would decribe the Zulu as Africans. They live in South Africa and have dark skin because they live in the hot climate. The Zulu have rituals and beliefs of that of African decent. They are South Africa's largest tribe.

Population B: Andean Indians

Environment:
The temperatures of the biomes around the Andes Mountains vary from place to place. In Colombia it is wet and warm, with an average temperature of 64°F. In Ecuador it is very warm in the deserts and the average is 68°F and stays that temperature through out Peru, until you get to Bolivia. In Bolivia you would find that it is dry and hot with an average of 64°F.

Physical Adaption:
The Andean Indians are people living in a rarified atmosphere, because of the high altitude, they need greater lung capacity and stronger hearts than do the people living at sea level. The chest are very broad.The ratio of oxygen content is reduced about half at 10,000 feet. Extensive wear of the teeth are because much of the food is eaten cold and dry as parched corn and beans. Such rough foods as these wear the teeth down.


Cultural Adaption:
The Andean found ways to survive by using Coca leaves. The Coca leaves was used as a folk medicine for ailments as diverse as toothache and altitude sickness. Coca has been and continues to be of importance not only for social and medicinal purposes, but the coca leaves themselves also show significant amounts of nutrients, including more iron and calcium than many of the food crops grown in the Andes. There is the belief among some Peruvian scientists that the low incidence of osteoporosis among Andean Indians is due in part to the high level of calcium in the leaves.

Race:
I would describe the Anean Indians ans Hispanics. This is based on my own life experience and the friends I've had. Some of their way of life, such as chewing the coca leaves are simular to my friends of peruvian culture. From looking at some of the pictures, they appear to be more of the Hispanic race.

Adaptation vs. Race
I stated that I beleive the Zulu was of the African race because of their skin color and their hair type, also where they live. I beleive the Andean Indians are of Hispanic race because they are lighter competion and behaivor are familar to friends of mines. I don't think looking outward is the best way to base somone's race. I do not have much knowlege about these culture beside doing the asignment and the people I have in my life. An anthropologist should do research on the behavior and background of the culture to better catergorizes the population.

http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/andes_climate.htm
http://www.journeytoforever.org/farm_library/price/price14.html
http://www.responsibletravel.com/KwaZulu-Natal-Travel-Guide/KwaZulu-Natal-Weather.htm
http://www.sa-venues.com/no/weather.htm
http://www.u86.net/2010_08__Zulu-the-other-side-of-the-world-polygamy-Photos.html
http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/africanrace.html   

Sayom M.